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=== Période pré-moderne ===
=== Période pré-moderne ===
{{article détaillé|Ritsuryō}}
{{article détaillé|Ritsuryō}}
Le droit du Japon médiéval semble avoir été influencé fortement par le [[droit chinois]]<ref>{{harvsp|Evans|2003|p=49}}</ref>. Le droit japonais datant d'avant le {{s-|VII|e}}, date à laquelle le [[Ritsuryō]] fut développé et codifié, est peu connu. Avant l'adoption et l'adaptation des caractères chinois pour le [[japonais]], les Japonais n'avaient pas d'écriture connue avec laquelle il enregistrait leur histoire. Les caractères chinois a rapidement été connu par les Japonais, mais le processus d'assimilation de ceux-ci dans leur langue ne commença qu'au {{s-|III|e}}. Les Japonais souhaitaient alors emprunter des aspects culturels des civilisations continentales au travers des royaumes voisins de Corée au lieu de faire des emprunts directement aux empires de Chine continentale<ref group="N">Cela peut être démontré par des références à certains évènements des relations entre le Japon et trois pays de Corée à cette période : avec [[Silla (Corée)|]] en 205 avant J.-C., Baekje en 247 avant J.-C. et Koguryo, à la frontière avec la Chine, en 297 avant J.-C. {{harv|Chiba|1997|p=89 et 90}}.</ref>.
Le droit du Japon médiéval semble avoir été influencé fortement par le [[droit chinois]]<ref>{{harvsp|Evans|2003|p=49}}</ref>. Le droit japonais datant d'avant le {{s-|VII|e}}, date à laquelle le [[Ritsuryō]] fut développé et codifié, est peu connu. Avant l'adoption et l'adaptation des caractères chinois pour le [[japonais]], les Japonais n'avaient pas d'écriture connue avec laquelle il enregistrait leur histoire. Les caractères chinois a rapidement été connu par les Japonais, mais le processus d'assimilation de ceux-ci dans leur langue ne commença qu'au {{s-|III|e}}. Les Japonais souhaitaient alors emprunter des aspects culturels des civilisations continentales au travers des royaumes voisins de Corée au lieu de faire des emprunts directement aux empires de Chine continentale<ref group="N">Cela peut être démontré par des références à certains évènements des relations entre le Japon et trois pays de Corée à cette période : avec [[Silla (Corée)|Silla]] en 205 avant J.-C., [[Baekje]] en 247 avant J.-C. et [[Koguryo]], à la frontière avec la Chine, en 297 avant J.-C. {{harv|Chiba|1997|p=89 et 90}}.</ref>.


Deux des principaux systèmes philosophiques et religieux, le [[confucianisme]] (Chine) et le [[bouddhisme]] (Inde), furent officiellement importé en 284-285 et en 522 avant J.-C. respectivement, et fut assimilé par la pensée et l'éthique japonaise<ref>{{harv|Chiba|1997|p=90}}</ref>. David, Zweigert et Kotz considère que les anciennes doctrines chinoises de Confucius, qui mettent l'accent sur l'harmonie sociale, dans le groupe et la communauté plutôt que sur l'intérêt individuel, eut une forte influence sur la société japonaise ce qui a eu pour conséquence que les individus cherchent à éviter le conflit au profit du compromis et de la conciliation<ref>{{harvp|Zweigert|Kotz|1987|p=367 et 370-371}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{harvsp|David|Brierley|1978|p=479 et 500}}</ref>. De plus,<!--It is theorized by some that the flow of immigrants was accelerated by both internal and external circumstances. The external factors were the continuing political instability and turmoil in Korea, as well as the struggle for central hegemony amongst the Chinese dynasties, kingdoms, warlords, invasions and other quarrels. These disturbances produced a large number of refugees who were exiled or forced to escape from their homelands. Immigrants to Japan may have included privileged classes, such as experienced officials and excellent technicians who were hired in the Japanese court, and were included in the official rank system which had been introduced by the immigrants themselves. It is conceivable - but unknown - that other legal institutions were also introduced, although partially rather than systematically, and this was probably the first [[legal transplant|transplantation of foreign law]] to Japan.<ref>However, Japanese legal and general historians have not overtly affirmed or denied this for two reasons: first, because there are no written records left and, second, because Japanese official history tended to devaluate, or even deny, and Korean influence, cited in Masaji Chiba, ''Japan'' Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 90.</ref>
<!--
Before Chinese characters were adopted and adapted by the Japanese, the Japanese had no known writing system with which to record their history. Chinese characters were known to the Japanese in earlier centuries, but the process of assimilation of these characters into their indigenous language system took place in the third century. This was due to the willingness of the Japanese to borrow aspects of the culture of continental civilisations, which was achieved mainly via adjacent countries such as the Korean kingdoms rather than directly from the Chinese mainland empires.

Two of the most significant systems of human philosophy and religion, Confucianism (China) and Buddhism (India), were officially transplanted in 284–5 and 522 AD respectively, and became deeply acculturated into indigenous Japanese thought and ethics.<ref name="ReferenceA">Masaji Chiba, ''Japan'' Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 90.</ref> David and Zweigert and Kotz argue that the old Chinese doctrines of Confucius, which emphasize social/group/community harmony rather than individual interests, have been very influential in the Japanese society, with the consequence that individuals tend to avoid litigation in favour of compromise and conciliation.<ref>K Zweigert and H Kotz, ''Introduction to Comparative Law'' (2nd ed, Vol 1, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1987), pp. 361 and 370–371; R David and J E C Brierley, Major Legal Systems in the World Today, An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law (2nd ed, London, Stevens and Sons, 1978), pp. 479 and 500.</ref> In addition, it is presently believed that various arts and techniques in many fields of production, such as agriculture, weaving, pottery, building construction, medicine and tanning, were brought to Japan by immigrants by way of the Korean peninsula. These immigrants, wherever they came from, had significant influence on the development of Japan.

It is theorized by some that the flow of immigrants was accelerated by both internal and external circumstances. The external factors were the continuing political instability and turmoil in Korea, as well as the struggle for central hegemony amongst the Chinese dynasties, kingdoms, warlords, invasions and other quarrels. These disturbances produced a large number of refugees who were exiled or forced to escape from their homelands. Immigrants to Japan may have included privileged classes, such as experienced officials and excellent technicians who were hired in the Japanese court, and were included in the official rank system which had been introduced by the immigrants themselves. It is conceivable - but unknown - that other legal institutions were also introduced, although partially rather than systematically, and this was probably the first [[legal transplant|transplantation of foreign law]] to Japan.<ref>However, Japanese legal and general historians have not overtly affirmed or denied this for two reasons: first, because there are no written records left and, second, because Japanese official history tended to devaluate, or even deny, and Korean influence, cited in Masaji Chiba, ''Japan'' Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 90.</ref>


During these periods, Japanese law was unwritten and immature, and thus was far from comprising any official legal system. Nonetheless, Japanese society could not have functioned without some sort of law, however unofficial. Glimpses of the law regulating people's social lives may be guessed at by considering the few contemporary general descriptions in Chinese historical books. The most noted of these is The Record on the Men of Wa, which was found in the Wei History, describing the Japanese state called Yamatai (or Yamato) ruled by the Queen [[Himiko]] in the second and third centuries. According to this account, Japanese indigenous law was based on the clan system, with each clan forming a collective unit of Japanese society. A clan comprised extended families and was controlled by its chief, who protected the rights of the members and enforced their duties with occasional punishments for crimes. The law of the court organised the clan chiefs into an effective power structure, in order to control the whole of society through the clan system. The form of these laws is not clearly known, but they may be characterised as indigenous and unofficial, as official power can rarely be identified.<ref name="ReferenceB">Masaji Chiba, ''Japan'' Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 91.</ref>
During these periods, Japanese law was unwritten and immature, and thus was far from comprising any official legal system. Nonetheless, Japanese society could not have functioned without some sort of law, however unofficial. Glimpses of the law regulating people's social lives may be guessed at by considering the few contemporary general descriptions in Chinese historical books. The most noted of these is The Record on the Men of Wa, which was found in the Wei History, describing the Japanese state called Yamatai (or Yamato) ruled by the Queen [[Himiko]] in the second and third centuries. According to this account, Japanese indigenous law was based on the clan system, with each clan forming a collective unit of Japanese society. A clan comprised extended families and was controlled by its chief, who protected the rights of the members and enforced their duties with occasional punishments for crimes. The law of the court organised the clan chiefs into an effective power structure, in order to control the whole of society through the clan system. The form of these laws is not clearly known, but they may be characterised as indigenous and unofficial, as official power can rarely be identified.<ref name="ReferenceB">Masaji Chiba, ''Japan'' Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 91.</ref>
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* {{ouvrage|prénom1=Malcolm D.|nom1=Evans|titre=International Law|lieu=Oxford|année=2003|isbn=0-19-928270-6}}
* {{ouvrage|prénom1=Malcolm D.|nom1=Evans|titre=International Law|lieu=Oxford|année=2003|isbn=0-19-928270-6}}
* {{article|prénom1=Masaji|nom1=Chiba|titre=Japan|périodique=Asian Legal Systems|éditeur=Poh-Ling Tan, Butterworths|lieu=Londres|année=1997}}
* {{article|prénom1=Masaji|nom1=Chiba|titre=Japan|périodique=Asian Legal Systems|éditeur=Poh-Ling Tan, Butterworths|lieu=Londres|année=1997}}
* {{ouvrage|prénom1=K.|nom1=Zweigert |prénom2=H.|nom2=Kotz|titre=Introduction to Comparative Law|volume=1|lieu=Oxford|éditeur=Clarendon press|année=1987}}
* {{ouvrage|prénom1=R.|nom1=David |prénom2=J. E. C.|nom2= Brierley|titre= Major Legal Systems in the World Today, An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law |lieu=London|éditeur= Stevens and Sons|année=1978}}
== Compléments ==
== Compléments ==
=== Articles connexes ===
=== Articles connexes ===

Version du 20 octobre 2014 à 15:04

Le droit japonais est l'ensemble des normes constitutionnelles et législatives s'appliquant au Japon.

Histoire du droit japonais

Période pré-moderne

Le droit du Japon médiéval semble avoir été influencé fortement par le droit chinois[1]. Le droit japonais datant d'avant le VIIe siècle, date à laquelle le Ritsuryō fut développé et codifié, est peu connu. Avant l'adoption et l'adaptation des caractères chinois pour le japonais, les Japonais n'avaient pas d'écriture connue avec laquelle il enregistrait leur histoire. Les caractères chinois a rapidement été connu par les Japonais, mais le processus d'assimilation de ceux-ci dans leur langue ne commença qu'au IIIe siècle. Les Japonais souhaitaient alors emprunter des aspects culturels des civilisations continentales au travers des royaumes voisins de Corée au lieu de faire des emprunts directement aux empires de Chine continentale[N 1].

Deux des principaux systèmes philosophiques et religieux, le confucianisme (Chine) et le bouddhisme (Inde), furent officiellement importé en 284-285 et en 522 avant J.-C. respectivement, et fut assimilé par la pensée et l'éthique japonaise[2]. David, Zweigert et Kotz considère que les anciennes doctrines chinoises de Confucius, qui mettent l'accent sur l'harmonie sociale, dans le groupe et la communauté plutôt que sur l'intérêt individuel, eut une forte influence sur la société japonaise ce qui a eu pour conséquence que les individus cherchent à éviter le conflit au profit du compromis et de la conciliation[3],[4]. De plus,.

Développement moderne du droit japonais

Sources du droit

Notes

  1. Cela peut être démontré par des références à certains évènements des relations entre le Japon et trois pays de Corée à cette période : avec Silla en 205 avant J.-C., Baekje en 247 avant J.-C. et Koguryo, à la frontière avec la Chine, en 297 avant J.-C. (Chiba 1997, p. 89 et 90).

Sources

Références

Bibliographie

  • Constitution du Japon, (lire en ligne)
  • Malcolm D. Evans, International Law, Oxford, (ISBN 0-19-928270-6)
  • Masaji Chiba, « Japan », Asian Legal Systems, Londres, Poh-Ling Tan, Butterworths,‎
  • K. Zweigert et H. Kotz, Introduction to Comparative Law, vol. 1, Oxford, Clarendon press,
  • R. David et J. E. C. Brierley, Major Legal Systems in the World Today, An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law, London, Stevens and Sons,

Compléments

Articles connexes

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