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[[Fichier:John William Bricker (Gov., Sen. OH).jpg|thumb|right|Le sénateur [[John Bricker|John W. Bricker]]]]
[[Fichier:John William Bricker (Gov., Sen. OH).jpg|vignette|droite|Le sénateur [[John Bricker|John W. Bricker]]]]


L’'''Amendement Bricker''' est le nom collectif d'une série d'[[Amendement (loi)|amendements]] proposés à la [[Constitution des États-Unis|Constitution américaine]] et examinés par le [[Sénat des États-Unis|Sénat américain]] dans les [[années 1950]]. Il visait à limiter les pouvoirs du [[président des États-Unis|président]], notamment en ce qui concerne les ''[[sole executive agreement]]s''(«accords exclusivement exécutifs»).
L{{'}}'''Amendement Bricker''' est le nom donné à une série d'[[Amendement (loi)|amendements]] proposés à la [[Constitution des États-Unis|Constitution américaine]] par [[John Bricker]] et examinée par le [[Sénat des États-Unis|Sénat américain]] dans les [[années 1950]]. L'amendement Bricker vise à limiter les pouvoirs du [[président des États-Unis|président]], notamment en ce qui concerne les ''[[sole executive agreement]]s'' (« accords exclusivement exécutifs »).


== Passage devant le congrès ==
== Passage devant le Congrès ==
Sans cesse repoussé par [[Dwight David Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], l'amendement obtint 60 voix contre 31 au sénat, à une voix des deux tiers nécessaires pour être adopté.
Sans cesse repoussé par [[Dwight David Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], l'amendement obtint {{nobr|60 voix}} contre 31 au Sénat.


==Chronologie==
== Chronologie ==
Chronologie des dates importantes concernant l'Amendment:
Chronologie des dates importantes concernant l'Amendement:


* {{date-|14 septembre 1951}} : le sénateur Bricker introduit la première version de son amendement : ''S.J. Res. 102''.
*March 4, 1789. The [[United States Constitution]] comes into force.
* {{date-|7 février 1952}} : le sénateur Bricker introduit une proposition révisée : ''S.J. Res. 130'', soutenue par 58 autres, incluant tous les Républicains sauf le sénateur Eugene Millikin du [[Colorado]].
*October 24, 1945. The [[United Nations Charter]] comes into force.
* {{date-|21 mai 1952}} : le comité judiciaire du Sénat commence des auditions sur ''S.J. Res. 130''.
*1946. [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] created.
* {{date-|7 juillet 1952}} : la seconde session du {{82e|Congrès}} se clôt sans action quant à ''S.J. Res 130''.
*February 25, 1948. The [[American Bar Association]]'s House of Delegates votes for its Committee on Peace and Law Through the United Nations to study the proposed U.N. conventions.
*September 9, 1948. The ABA House of Delegates votes to oppose the [[Covenant on Human Rights]].
*September 17, 1948. [[American Bar Association]] president [[Frank E. Holman]] begins his campaign against "treaty law" with a speech to the [[State Bar of California]] in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]].
*February 1, 1949. The ABA House of Delegates votes to oppose the Genocide Convention.
*June 16, 1949. President [[Harry S. Truman]] sends the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide|Genocide Convention]] to the [[United States Senate]] for ratification.
*July 17, 1951. Senator [[John W. Bricker]] (R-[[Ohio]]) introduces S. Res. 177, a sense of the Senate resolution against the [[Covenant on Human Rights]], calling it "a covenant on human slavery or subservience to government."
*September 14, 1951. Senator Bricker introduces the first version of his constitutional amendment, S.J. Res. 102.
*February 7, 1952. Senator Bricker introduces a revised proposal, S.J. Res. 130, with 58 co-sponsors, including every Republican except Senator [[Eugene Millikin]] of [[Colorado]].
*February 22, 1952. The ABA House of Delegates vote to support a constitutional amendment to limit the treaty power.
*April 11, 1952. [[John Foster Dulles]] tells the American Bar Association's regional meeting in [[Louisville, Kentucky]] of the dangers of treaties.
*May 21, 1952. Hearings begin before the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] on S.J. Res. 130.
*June 13, 1952. The Judiciary Committee hearings conclude.
*July 7, 1952. The Second Session of the [[82nd United States Congress|82nd Congress]] adjourns without action on S.J. Res 130.
*September 15, 1952. The ABA House of Delegates votes to endorse S.J. Res. 122, introduced by Senator [[Pat McCarran]] (D-[[Nevada]]), to limit [[Foreign policy of the United States|executive agreements]].
*November 4, 1952. Republican [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] is elected [[President of the United States]]. Republican majorities are elected to both the [[United States Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives]].
*January 3, 1953. The [[83rd United States Congress|83rd Congress]] convenes.
*January 7, 1953. Senator Bricker introduces another version of his constitutional amendment, S.J. Res. 1.
*January 20, 1953. President Eisenhower is inaugurated.
*February 4, 1953. Senator [[George Smathers]] (R-[[Florida]]) adds his name as a co-sponsor of S.J. Res. 1, giving it 64 sponsors, exactly the two-thirds vote necessary for passage.
*February 16, 1953. Senator [[Arthur Vivian Watkins|Arthur V. Watkins]] (R-[[Utah]]) introduces S.J. Res. 43, which was the text endorsed by the ABA.
*February 18, 1953. Hearings begin before the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] on S.J. Res 1 and 43.
*February 23, 1953. Holman meets with President Eisenhower, who promises he will take no public stance on the Bricker Amendment.
*March 26, 1953. President Eisenhower publicly declares his opposition to the Bricker Amendment.
*April 11, 1953. The Judiciary Committee hearings end.
*June 10, 1953. Majority Leader [[Robert A. Taft]] (R-Ohio) resigns his leadership post because of ill-health. He is replaced by Senator [[William F. Knowland]] (R-[[California]]).
*June 15, 1953. With Senator Taft no longer preventing it, the Judiciary Committee reports S.J. Res. 1 to the full Senate on a vote of 9-5.
*July 1, 1953. President Eisenhower at his weekly press conference said he did not believe a treaty could override the Constitution, but he would support a Constitutional amendment to make that explicit.
*July 17, 1953. President Eisenhower and his cabinet discuss the Amendment. He is told by Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] and Attorney General [[Herbert Brownell Jr.|Herbert Brownell]] that the Amendment will split the Republican Party.
*July 21, 1953. Senate Republicans meet to discuss the issue with Attorney General Brownell, Secretary Dulles, and Senate Bricker. A compromise is reached, Bricker believes.
*July 22, 1953. Senator Knowland introduces a substitute to S.J. Res. 1 and President Eisenhower announces his support for it. Senator Bricker feels betrayed.
*August 3, 1953. The First Session of the 83rd Congress adjourns.
*January 6, 1954. The Second Session of the 83rd Congress convenes.
*January 20, 1954. Debate begins on the Bricker Amendment in the Senate.
*January 25, 1954. President Eisenhower writes Knowland in opposition to the Amendment. Six hundred members of the 300,000 member Vigilant Women for the Bricker Amendment arrive in Washington to lobby Congress.
*January 27, 1954. Senator [[Walter F. George]] (D-[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) introduces his substitute to S.J. Res. 1.
*January 29, 1954. Senator [[Pat McCarran]] (D-[[Nevada]]) introduces his substitute to S.J. Res. 1.
*January 31, 1954. Senator Bricker says on ''[[Meet the Press]]'' the George Substitute met "the cardinal principles" of his original proposal.
*February 2, 1954. Senator [[Homer S. Ferguson]] (R-[[Michigan]]) introduces an amendment to S.J. Res. 1. Senator [[Francis H. Case]] (R-[[South Dakota]]) introduces another amendment.
*February 4, 1954. Senator Bricker proposes an amendment to S.J. Res. 1.
*February 15, 1954. The first section of the Ferguson amendment is adopted, 62-20.
*February 16, 1954. The third section of the Ferguson amendment is adopted, 72-16.
*February 17, 1954. The second section of the Ferguson amendment is adopted, 44-43.
*February 25, 1954. The Bricker substitute fails, 50-42.
*February 26, 1954. The George substitute is adopted, 61-30. The amended Bricker Amendment fails on final passage, 61-30, losing by one vote.
*August 5, 1954. Senator Bricker introduces a revised proposal, S.J. Res. 181.
*December 2, 1954. The 83rd Congress adjourns.
*January 5, 1955. The [[84th United States Congress|84th Congress]] convenes.
*January 6, 1955. Senator Bricker introduces his amendment as S.J. Res. 1.
*April 27, 1955. The Senate Judiciary Committee begins hearings on S.J. Res. 1.
*May 12, 1955. The Judiciary Committee hearings end.
*March 27, 1956. The Senate Judiciary Committee reports a revised version of S.J. Res. 1 to the full Senate.
*July 27, 1956. The 84th Congress adjourns without acting on S.J. Res. 1.
*January 3, 1957. The [[85th United States Congress|85th Congress]] convenes.
*January 7, 1957. Senator Bricker again introduces his constitutional amendment as S.J. Res. 3.
*June 25, 1957. The Senate Judiciary Committee hold a one-day hearing on S.J. Res. 3.
*August 24, 1958. The 85th Congress adjourns.
*November 4, 1958. Senator Bricker is defeated for re-election to a third term by [[Stephen M. Young]].
*January 3, 1959. Senator Bricker's term ends.


== Bibliographie ==
== Bibliographie ==
*{{en}} John W. Bricker. ''John W. Bricker Reflects Upon the Fight for the Bricker Amendment''. Edited by Marvin R. Zahniser. Ohio History. Vol. 87, no. 4. Autumn 1978. 322–333.
* {{en}} John W. Bricker. ''John W. Bricker Reflects Upon the Fight for the Bricker Amendment''. Edited by Marvin R. Zahniser. Ohio History. Vol. 87, no. 4. Autumn 1978. 322–333.
*{{en}} Robert A. Caro. The Years of Lyndon Johnson : Master of the Senate. New York : [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 2002. {{ISBN|0394528360}}.
* {{en}} Robert A. Caro. The Years of Lyndon Johnson : Master of the Senate. New York : [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 2002. {{ISBN|0394528360}}.
*{{en}} Richard O. Davies. Defender of the Old Guard : John Bricker and American Politics. Columbus, Ohio : The Ohio State University Press, 1993.
* {{en}} Richard O. Davies. Defender of the Old Guard : John Bricker and American Politics. Columbus, Ohio : The Ohio State University Press, 1993.
*{{en}} Frank E. Holman. The Life and Career of a Western Lawyer, 1886–1961. Baltimore, Maryland : Port City Press, 1963.
* {{en}} Frank E. Holman. The Life and Career of a Western Lawyer, 1886–1961. Baltimore, Maryland : Port City Press, 1963.
*{{en}} Frank E. Holman. The Story of the “Bricker Amendment”. New York City : Fund for Constitutional Government, 1954.
* {{en}} Frank E. Holman. The Story of the “Bricker Amendment”. New York City : Fund for Constitutional Government, 1954.
*{{en}} Nelson Richards. The Bricker Amendment and Congress's Failure to Check the Inflation of the Executive's Foreign Affairs Powers, 1951-1954, 94 Cal. L. Rev. 175 (2006).
* {{en}} Nelson Richards. The Bricker Amendment and Congress's Failure to Check the Inflation of the Executive's Foreign Affairs Powers, 1951-1954, 94 Cal. L. Rev. 175 (2006).
*{{en}} Duane Tananbaum. The Bricker Amendment Controversy : A Test of Eisenhower's Political Leadership. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1988.
* {{en}} Duane Tananbaum. The Bricker Amendment Controversy : A Test of Eisenhower's Political Leadership. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1988.
*{{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, on S. J. Res 130, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Making of Treaties and Executive Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1952.
* {{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, on S. J. Res 130, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Making of Treaties and Executive Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1952.
*{{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-third Congress, Second Session, on S. J. Res 1, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Making of Treaties and Executive Agreements, and S. J. Res 43, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effects of Certain Treaties. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1953.
* {{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-third Congress, Second Session, on S. J. Res 1, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Making of Treaties and Executive Agreements, and S. J. Res 43, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effects of Certain Treaties. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1953.
*{{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Constitutional Amendment Relative to Treaties and Executive Agreements, 83rd Congress, 1st session. Senate Report 412. Calendar 408. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1953.
* {{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Constitutional Amendment Relative to Treaties and Executive Agreements, {{nobr|83rd Congress}}, {{nobr|1st session}}. Senate Report 412. Calendar 408. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1953.
*{{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session, on S. J. Res 1, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effects of Certain Treaties and Other International Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1955.
* {{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session, on S. J. Res 1, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effects of Certain Treaties and Other International Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1955.
*{{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-fifth Congress, First Session, on S. J. Res 3, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effect of Certain Treaties and Other International Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1958.
* {{en}} United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-fifth Congress, First Session, on S. J. Res 3, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effect of Certain Treaties and Other International Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1958.

{{Traduction/Référence|en|Bricker Amendment|773583247}}


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{{portail|Droit|Relations internationales|États-Unis}}
{{portail|Droit|Relations internationales|États-Unis|années 1950}}


[[Catégorie:Constitution des États-Unis]]
[[Catégorie:Constitution des États-Unis]]

Dernière version du 18 septembre 2022 à 18:07

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Cet article fait partie de la série :
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modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle

Le sénateur John W. Bricker

L'Amendement Bricker est le nom donné à une série d'amendements proposés à la Constitution américaine par John Bricker et examinée par le Sénat américain dans les années 1950. L'amendement Bricker vise à limiter les pouvoirs du président, notamment en ce qui concerne les sole executive agreements (« accords exclusivement exécutifs »).

Passage devant le Congrès[modifier | modifier le code]

Sans cesse repoussé par Eisenhower, l'amendement obtint 60 voix contre 31 au Sénat.

Chronologie[modifier | modifier le code]

Chronologie des dates importantes concernant l'Amendement:

  •  : le sénateur Bricker introduit la première version de son amendement : S.J. Res. 102.
  •  : le sénateur Bricker introduit une proposition révisée : S.J. Res. 130, soutenue par 58 autres, incluant tous les Républicains sauf le sénateur Eugene Millikin du Colorado.
  •  : le comité judiciaire du Sénat commence des auditions sur S.J. Res. 130.
  •  : la seconde session du 82e Congrès se clôt sans action quant à S.J. Res 130.

Bibliographie[modifier | modifier le code]

  • (en) John W. Bricker. John W. Bricker Reflects Upon the Fight for the Bricker Amendment. Edited by Marvin R. Zahniser. Ohio History. Vol. 87, no. 4. Autumn 1978. 322–333.
  • (en) Robert A. Caro. The Years of Lyndon Johnson : Master of the Senate. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. (ISBN 0394528360).
  • (en) Richard O. Davies. Defender of the Old Guard : John Bricker and American Politics. Columbus, Ohio : The Ohio State University Press, 1993.
  • (en) Frank E. Holman. The Life and Career of a Western Lawyer, 1886–1961. Baltimore, Maryland : Port City Press, 1963.
  • (en) Frank E. Holman. The Story of the “Bricker Amendment”. New York City : Fund for Constitutional Government, 1954.
  • (en) Nelson Richards. The Bricker Amendment and Congress's Failure to Check the Inflation of the Executive's Foreign Affairs Powers, 1951-1954, 94 Cal. L. Rev. 175 (2006).
  • (en) Duane Tananbaum. The Bricker Amendment Controversy : A Test of Eisenhower's Political Leadership. Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1988.
  • (en) United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-second Congress, Second Session, on S. J. Res 130, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Making of Treaties and Executive Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1952.
  • (en) United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-third Congress, Second Session, on S. J. Res 1, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Making of Treaties and Executive Agreements, and S. J. Res 43, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effects of Certain Treaties. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1953.
  • (en) United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Constitutional Amendment Relative to Treaties and Executive Agreements, 83rd Congress, 1st session. Senate Report 412. Calendar 408. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1953.
  • (en) United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session, on S. J. Res 1, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effects of Certain Treaties and Other International Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1955.
  • (en) United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Treaties and Executive Agreements : Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-fifth Congress, First Session, on S. J. Res 3, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to the Legal Effect of Certain Treaties and Other International Agreements. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1958.


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